This is the most easily recognizable type of workplace bully. The alpha male is not a pushover. Neuroticism. Again, social enjoyment reasons are more often reported by participants scoring higher on narcissism, however, only in work-related settings (p = 0.05). Psychol. Specifically, examining the different facets and subtypes of narcissism would facilitate the interpretation of the relationships found between narcissism and gossip motives. Regression analysis with motives as dependent variables and dark triad personality traits as independent variables (N = 134). adaptable. They encourage your worst traits. Psychol. Thus, participants filled in the questionnaire twice. These traits may include: People are generally not all good or all bad, or all positive or all negative. Thus, calibrating the own perspective and gathering information about other people, and thereby about the self, appears to be important when gossiping, specifically for people who shy away from more direct forms of social comparisons due to a vulnerable self-concept. London: faber and faber. The reason most often cited? Events that are unusual, dramatic, or lasting ensure that a rich representation is formed and are stored in the long-term memory. J. Occup. Gossiping just for fun and to pass time appears to be as important as relationship building and protecting others from harm. Even though it appears that the reasons to gossip correspond to the social functions of gossip, we do not suppose that the different gossip motives act in the service of a single function exclusively. We were studying the chapter called Why Are There Jerks in the World, and Could I Be One of Them? in my book Seek: A Womans Guide to Meeting God. Also, qualitative research show that people, even though enjoying gossip, restrict themselves because they are afraid of becoming a gossip target themselves (Rodrigues et al., 2019). Facing them and coming to terms with their attitude and letting yourself know it is a weakness in them, which in time hopefully they will overcome and still hanging around them can be challenging. Individ. Aggress. In both domains the importance of motives mainly depends on the narcissism of the gossiper whereas psychopathy appears to be irrelevant for gossip motivation. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.019, Baumeister, R. F. (1997). The potentially more competitive professional setting elicited more malicious gossip only by people scoring high on Machiavellianism. In addition, Buffardi and Campbell (2008) showed that individuals scoring high on narcissism are more active on social networking sites such as Facebook (see also e.g., Carpenter, 2012). For instance, in a study conducted by Schwarz and Bless (1992), participants were asked about a specific politician (i.e., Barschel) who was involved in a scandal. It's like one caveman beating up another caveman for control of the tribe-only it's done with cruel whispers and petty remarks instead of fists. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00109.x, Buffardi, L. E., and Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. If they are thirsty, give them something to drink. They were not good at attracting and keeping mates, or maintaining alliances. It refers to the "prohibition of telling gossip, truthful remarks about a non-present person or party.". Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from one another in terms of where they stand on a . It's important that psychologists understand a patient's emotional pain and to show compassion. In line with that notion, women scoring high on the dark triad traits use gossipamong other strategiesto derogate competitors (Carter et al., 2015). 7 Ticking Time Bombs That Destroy Loving Relationships, An Addiction Myth That Needs to Be Revisited, 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Leave that to the righteous anger of God. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1948550619837000. Soc. Why do other people have such a problem with it? Its more difficult for real people to grow and change their personality traits (Wouldnt it be nice if we could resolve our biggest personality flaws in a few pages?). Soc. Thus, both kinds of analyses draw a very similar picture of the results emphasizing their reliability. If we do vent to people, lets be sure we dont taint another persons reputation in a way that cant be recovered. Diagnostica 61, 7691. An introduction to Bayesian data analysis for correlations. Unlike Beersma and Van Kleef (2012), we asked the participants to think about a situation in a work setting as well as in a private context. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.045, Jonason, P. K., and Webster, G. D. (2010). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal Curcumplex, in Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology: Theory, Research, Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions, eds L. M. Horowitz and S. Strack (New York, NY: Wiley and Sons), 249269. Pers. Supporting the bad reputation, some researchers suggest that gossip is a covert form of aggression (i.e., non-confrontational) especially used by women (e.g., McAndrew, 2014). I can see why she got the promotion. In fact, these two aspects are key in this type of personality. Also, at the group level, a climate of information permeability and norm compliance is generated (e.g., Piazza and Bering, 2008; Feinberg et al., 2012). 35, 177212. Personal. One might assume that thinking about a gossip event in a private setting could influence recall on gossiping in a professional context leading to similar results across situations. Social Beings: A Core Motives Aaproach to Social Psychology. All rights reserved. If you arent from the South, this one might not make sense to you. The Bless Your Heart gossip shares juicy pieces of information, but tags on the line, bless his/her heart as a way of appearing compassionate and caring, when, in fact, they are neither compassionate nor caring. Internal consistency was highly satisfactory for all subscales (see Figure 1) and, if applicable, comparable to those of Beersma and Van Kleef (2012). (2013). Despite important social functions gossip has a rather negative reputation. Individ. Thus, evaluating gossip as a rather positive or negative behavior is not as easy as it may appear at first sight. The self, in The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and L. Gardner. Six distinct reasons have been identified that underlie gossip behavior: information validation, information gathering, relationship building, protection, social enjoyment, and negative influence. When we notice something unjust in the world, our natural instinct as a Libra is to want to correct it, to create balance and harmony. Bad habit or social good? Interestingly, the motivation to negatively influence the reputation of somebody else is not solely associated with narcissism but also with Machiavellianism. Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., Baughman, H. M., and Vernon, P. A. Jonason and Schmitt (2012) argued that being surrounded by a lot of (potential) friends is a way to satisfy the continuous need for self-validation; likewise, it may serve the need for external self-affirmation and appreciationyou need audience when you want to shine on stage (Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001). 4. Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people differ from . Before you share personal information about someone, pause long enough to ask yourself, Do I really need to share this information? characteristics and dynamics of male gossip. All humans partake in some form, despite the age-old adage, If you have nothing nice to say, dont say anything at all. Whether its workplace chatter, the sharing of family news or group texts between friends, its inevitable that everyone who talks, well, talks about other people. Individ. Screaming Mimis are loud and obnoxious, and their abusive behavior is meant to berate and humiliate people. Fifteen percent of gossip is negative while the remaining 10% is positive or flattering. New York, NY: Wiley. To start, they report that just about everyone gossips a lot. Schwarz, N., and Bless, H. (1991). We care about fairness. Manag. . The ones who werent interested in the goings on of other people sort of got weeded out.. Predictably, the study showed that people felt happier when they heard positive gossip about themselves and felt more agitated when they heard negative gossip about themselves. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0704598104. The motivational pattern was highly similar between private and work context. 78, 14. Gossip on social media tends to be more harmful because the negative information has a wide audience and remains visible for a long time. Manag. It is a meta-analysis of gossip as a behavior, not a study. 4. However, if even individuals with dark personalities rarely use gossip with the intention to harm others, the positive aspects of gossip would be underlined. Public Pers. Nehmen Sie dementsprechend Stellung zu folgenden Aussagen: Ich habe an dieser Unterhaltung aus folgenden Grnden teilgenommen . Concerns about reputation via gossip promote generous allocations in an economic game. In contrast to our expectation, we did not find any negative relationship between the dark triad and the protection motive. Psychol. Pum die Person, mit der ich gesprochen habe, vor der abwesenden Person zu schtzen. Hum. Gossip as an effective and low-cost form of punishment. Gossiping comes naturally and most of the time occurs almost unconsciously to break up the monotony of routine activities or simply to spice up conversations. Also, the p-value in classical analysis provides the information about the probability of obtaining results as least as extreme as those observed given that the null hypothesis is true; the alternative hypothesis is left unspecified (Wagenmakers et al., 2018b). Despite these important functions, gossip has a rather bad reputation since it is perceived as inherently malicious harming people and society (e.g., Farley, 2011; Hartung and Renner, 2013; Peters and Kashima, 2013). In order to survive and pass along your genes it has pretty much always been necessary to know about the lives of those around you: who had powerful friends, who was sleeping with whom, who had limited resources, and who might stab you in the back when times got tough. Part I: theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. Evolutionary psychologist Robin Dunbar first pioneered this idea, comparing gossip to the grooming primates engage in as a means of bonding. 26, 22882307. Using gossip to build relationships was more often rated as relevant by individuals scoring higher on narcissism than by those scoring lower on narcissism both in work (p < 0.001) and private (p = 0.007) settings. Evol. doi: 10.1348/000712605X85871, Michelson, G., and Mouly, V. S. (2004). Psychol. Group Organiz. Brain Sci. 75:132. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.2.132. To gossip or not to gossip: reactions to a perceived request to gossip a qualitative study. However, when someone's typical behavior is to snap at people rather than communicating politely, then irritable is likely one of their personality traits. Empirical findings have shown that people take the presumed motivation of a gossiper into account when judging the morality of the respective gossiper, for instance (Beersma and Van Kleef, 2012). Chuck Bass is an ESTP, who exhibits a lot of the unhealthy traits of this personality type. Eur. In Christs economy, jealous gossip only leaves people, families, friends, and churches, bankrupt. Armed with the knowledge of their peers decisions, participants then played the game over again in different groupings. Conversations about absent third parties appear to be an apparent method to do exactly that. Mirroring the results of the classical repeated ANOVA, the Bayesian repeated ANOVA revealed that the situation as well as the interaction were not meaningful. Who are the objects of positive and negative gossip at work? B., Neyer, F. J., and van Aken, M. (2013). You cant keep your mouth shut that your friends marriage is on the fritz; you let your entire circle of friends know that another friend did poorly on a big exam. Instead, If your enemies are hungry, feed them. Pers. Bayesian regression analyses were conducted in two steps. Thinking About Answers: The Application of Cognitive Processes to Survey Methodology. Pers. Another reason to exchange information about a third person was to build trust to one's gossip partner. Sci. doi: 10.1007/BF00287594, Lewis, D., and Gunn, R. (2007). The Apostle Paul warned Timothy, pastor of the church at Ephesus, not to put young women on the widows list, because if they are on the list, they may learn to be lazy and will spend their time gossiping from house to house, meddling in other peoples business and talking about things they shouldnt. (1 Timothy 5:13). EBS University of Business and Law, Germany, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia. So while it is true that people can spend a significant amount of time talking about their peers, oftentimes that chatter is benign. The acquaintance put the concern on the church prayer chain. doi: 10.1002/9781118001868.ch15, Keltner, D., Van Kleef, G. A., Chen, S., and Kraus, M. W. (2008). Other people's guilt is a manipulator's best friend. As gossip is used by workplace bullies, and, therefore, considered as one aspect of workplace bullying (e.g., Lewis and Gunn, 2007; Crothers et al., 2009; Privitera and Campbell, 2009), the reasons for gossip as well as gossip frequency and valence might also depend on these organizational or occupational features. BF01 indicates the Bayes factor in favor of H0 over H1, that is, gives the likelihood of the data under the null hypothesis divided by the likelihood of the data under alternative hypothesis (Nuzzo, 2017; Halter, 2018; Wagenmakers et al., 2018b). Therefore, one might assume that there was no need for socially desirable responding. To have a personality trait, individuals must be somewhat consistent across situations in their behaviours related to the trait. In total, 134 participants (n = 79 women, 59%) with a mean age of 35.25 years (SD = 13.10, range = 2178 years) were recruited for the study. People tend to think of gossip as synonymous with malicious rumors, put-downs or the breathless propagation of a tabloid scoop. J. Pers. Characteristics of gossips are: insecurity, jealous of others, low self esteem, angry at the world, have too much idle time on their hands, usually don't have any hobbies or activities they could be doing instead of rumor mongering, unhappy with their lives, don't like to see other people happy, attention seekers, like giving the illusion that Accordingly, important social functions have been postulated for gossip in science (e.g., Foster, 2004). Bonferroni adjusted post-hoc analysis revealed that information validation (M = 4.68, SD = 1.59), information gathering (M = 3.92, SD = 1.65) as well as negative influence (M = 2.14, SD = 1.26) differed significantly from all other motives (ps < 0.001, respectively). dnieper river pronounce. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.03.001, Noser, A. E., Zeigler-Hill, V., Vrabel, J. K., Besser, A., Ewing, T. D., and Southard, A. C. (2015). We differentiated between work and private settings assuming that these are reasonably different in terms of social norms and competitiveness. 7 Holy Week Prayers to Focus Your Heart on the Passion of Christ, This site is a proud member of the Salem Web Network, a subsidiary of, Copyright 2023, Crosswalk.com. The Dark Triad of personality and utilitarian moral judgment: the mediating role of Honesty/Humility and Harm/Care. Curious employees are valued for their ability to independently motivate themselves to learn and grow in their roles and work. Personality traits imply consistency and stabilitysomeone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time. They also dispelled another common misconceptionthat poorer, less educated people engage in gossip more than the affluent. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2123, Piazza, J., and Bering, J. M. (2008). 70, 117119. The ANOVA yielded a significant main effect for the factor motives, F(4.48, 665) = 61.54, p < 0.001, P2 = 0.32, indicating that motives were differentially important. To fill this void, there is nothing else he can find worth doing apart from yapping and gossiping about other people with the ultimate aim of gaining favours from those he is spreading gossip to. Neuroticism is a trait where individuals are prone to negative thoughts such as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt and so on. They also found that people high in the personality traits of extraversion and agreeableness tended to gossip more than others. what are the non legislative powers of congress. Neurosci. A Harsh Spirit. Psychol. However, gossip is only one aspect of one dimension of workplace bullying (Harvey et al., 2006; Crothers et al., 2009; Privitera and Campbell, 2009). You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. PMandR 9, 12781282. Dif. But he didnt budge: hed talk about problems, not people. This is because they need constant reassurance and validation from others. The interaction of person and situation, in Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology, eds D. Magnusson and N. S. Endler (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.), 333352. David wrote, I cry aloud to the Lord; I lift up my voice to the Lord for mercy. Moreover, to create a concise measure three items were chosen from the respective subscale to represent the social enjoyment motive and the negative influence motive. F-MH wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Interpersonal chemistry through negativity: bonding by sharing negative attitudes about others. However, as more narcissistic individuals make more favorable impressions at first sight but not in the long run (Paulhus, 1998; Back et al., 2010), one might speculate that more narcissistic individuals have to keep friend-supplies coming. They likely think, someone needs to do something. The truth teller gossip doesnt consider their words are gossip. (2015). Hurt. It is OK to talk negatively about others, but do not say anything bad about me. Peters, K., and Kashima, Y. And if the benefit of the favor to the other person outweighs the cost of doing the favor to you, then it should be done. People whose lives lack meaningful work or transcendent purpose, often seek to find significance by discussing the lives of others. Proverbs 16:28 says, A troublemaker plants seeds of strife; gossip separates the best of friends., Photo courtesy:Thinkstock/Ingram Publishing. Valuing myself over others: the Dark Triad traits and moral and social values. Cost them a fortune!. Denken Sie an eine vergangene Situation in Ihrem privaten Alltag, in der Sie Teil eines solchen Gesprchs (ber eine abwesende Person) waren. Personality traits are characteristic of enduring behavioral and emotional patterns, rather than isolated occurrences. Until that day, shed always thought gossip was simply part of normal conversation. U.S.A. 104, 1743517440. In order to get more insight into our results, we additionally conducted a Bayesian Repeated ANOVA and Bayesian Regression Analyses. 71, 3538. Figure 2. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1, Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., and Meijer, E. (2017). Taken together, both the classical repeated ANOVA and the Bayesian repeated ANOVA show that the motives factor is most meaningful in explaining the data. Comments are posted anonymously about an individual. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2014.999162, Peters, K., Jetten, J., Radova, D., and Austin, K. (2017). The receiver listens, then begins a response with, "Yes, and.". First, we aim to examine the reasons for people to engage in gossip, replicating the study of Beersma and Van Kleef (2012). So, yes, you're likable! BF10 indicates the Bayes factor in favor of H1 over H0, that is, gives the likelihood of the data under the alternative hypothesis divided by the likelihood of the data under null hypothesis. Soc. "Mean Girls" is arguably one of the most quotable comedies of all time, with the most iconic characters of all time. Workplace bullying in the public sector: understanding the racial dimension. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. And, even though the motives to gossip depend on the gossiper's personality (i.e., dark triad personality), also individuals with dark personalities appear to use gossip to tune their picture of other humans and themselves. When we engage in bitter-vengeful gossip we dont simply want vindication for wrongs done to us (real or perceived); we want vengeance. Disunity. Sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Soc. Bayesian inference for psychology. Why Do We Need to Be Crucified with Christ? She's so fetch. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100, Dunbar, R. I., Marriott, A., and Duncan, N. D. (1997). Gossip and ostracism promote cooperation in groups. Some people gossip to seek revenge. Soc. That is, individuals scoring high on the dark triad traits gossip as often as individuals scoring low on the dark triad traits in order to protect somebody. In clear contrast to the bad reputation, gossiping is not mainly driven by malicious reasons. Contrary to that perspective, gossip is considered as a form of passive-aggressive form of workplace bullying in work and organizational literature (e.g., Lewis and Gunn, 2007; Crothers et al., 2009; Privitera and Campbell, 2009). A less benign form of gossip is when people discuss information. A philosopher says she has the answer, How to improve your memory, according to neuroscience, Why our sense of time speeds up as we age and how to slow it down. We all know gossip to be a human universalbut does it get an undeservedly bad rap? Exploring Statistical Analysis Using JASP: Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches. The researchers were also interested in understanding how people gossip. Individ. The standardized factor loadings for the six-factor model are presented separately in Figure 1 for both settings. Thus, the positive social function view is not mirrored in the reputation of gossip and gossipers. Latent factors are allowed to correlate. Bayesian analyses were conducted using the JASP statistic package (version 0.9.2). 2023 TIME USA, LLC. And the threat of gossip deters bad behavior in the first place as people seek to avoid developing a bad reputation.. (2010). Interestingly, with regard to the dark triad personality traits, only narcissism shows consistent associations with motives to gossip. Pers. RBum die Beziehung zu der Person, mit der ich geredet habe, zu vertiefen. Cyberbullying: the new face of workplace bullying? 22, 273288. 34, 10041017. From an anthropological perspective, it has been argued that human language primarily evolved to exchange social information in order to deal with complex social situations (Dunbar, 1998, 2004a; Barrett et al., 2002), and that we, therefore, preferentially attend to social information (e.g., Mesoudi et al., 2006). 19, 378394. J. Commun. How the power of storytelling can change the course of your career, What's the difference between a lame excuse and good one? A bad gossiper, on the other hand, is someone who shares information about others in order to get ahead or get an advantage themselves, or just plain recklessly. 11 Habits of Needy People. When we . By definition (at least the definition social scientists who study gossip use), gossip is any talk about someone who isnt present, its usually about something we can make a moral judgment about (meaning you tend to approve of the information or disapprove), and its entertaining (meaning it doesnt feel like work to do it; you tend to want to share or hear the information), McAndrew explains. Six distinct motives were identified that underlie gossip behavior: information validation, information gathering, relationship building, protection, social enjoyment, and negative influence. Assimilation and contrast effects in part whole question sequences: a conversational logic analysis. Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: a mixed blessing? The I need to get a life gossip is driven by boredom or emptiness. People usually gossip spontaneously and in private, so it's almost impossible to study gossip in a laboratory setting. The chi-square statistic was significant for the work setting (2(120) = 190.92, p < 0.001) but not for the private setting 2(120) = 131.37, p = 0.22). On average, participants had scores of M = 4.50 (SD = 1.92) on the narcissism subscale, of M = 3.40 (SD = 1.78) on the Machiavellianism subscale, and of M = 2.70 (SD = 1.66) on the psychopathy subscale. They state that its pervasiveness suggests that "sanctions against gossip may be futile and underscores the importance of understanding gossip at a descriptive level." Soc. In Judaism, there is a word for this: Loshon Hora. As the common core the tendency to deceive, manipulate, and exploit others for one's own benefit has been suggested (Lee et al., 2013; see also Jones and Figueredo, 2013). Is gossip power? In my 20-plus years of ministry, Ive noticed that people share prayer requests about others, more often than share requests about themselves. Gossiping is a social skill.. Its not necessarily negative, adds David Ludden, professor of psychology at Georgia Gwinnett College and the author of The Psychology of Language: An Integrated Approach. Additionally, as people with dark personalities are not concerned with others' welfare, they probably use gossip less often to protect other individuals or their group from harm (but see Lyons and Hughes, 2015). Factor loadings of the items of the Motives to Gossip QuestionnaireRevised (confirmatory factor analysis) separately displayed for work and private setting (N = 134). 52, 482486. 8, 100110. Gossip assures we get it. J. Pers. 40, 16681680. Soc. Not surprisingly, they were happier to hear positive gossip about themselves, and more irked by hearing negative gossip about themselves as opposed to hearing gossip about others.). Pers. What if you realize youve been guilty of being an in the know gossip? Like this: Compliment: Jim and Mollys new house is amazing., Response: It should be. Which means they gossip. Psychol. The aims of the present study are 2-fold. A competitive situation might elicit motives that serve the individual more easily and hazards negative consequences for others. Friendship-selection in the shadow of the Dark Triad traits. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.020, Baughman, H. M., Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., and Vernon, P. A. 74, 275279. 12, 97110. IV, Information Validation; IG, Information Gathering; RB, Relationship Building; P, Protection; SE, Social Enjoyment; NI, Negative Influence. Women engaged in more neutral gossip than men, but the amount of negative and positive gossip shared among men and among women was fairly consistent. IVum herauszufinden ob die Person, mit der ich gesprochen habe, genauso ber die abwesende Person denkt. There are many ways to assess and label personality types, with each assessment measuring specific variables. It seems likely that this rather altruistic motive, on the long run, serves the function of group protection. First, there is also evidence from observational (i.e., eavesdropping) studies showing that the content of conversation is mainly neutral in its value and only certain parts are clearly positive or negative (Levin and Arluke, 1985; Dunbar et al., 1997). Individ. Yes! doi: 10.1177/147470491201000303, Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., and Partyka, J. Students with large appetites for success tend to have low tolerances for failure and might be unfair to themselves when they don't perform as well as they would like to. Reviewed by Davia Sills. People learn about the complex social and cultural life by hearing about the success and misadventures of others. Taken together, the preliminary scale consists of 18 items tapping into six different motives, namely information gathering (IG), information validation (IV), relationship building (RB), protection (P), social enjoyment (SE), and negative influence (NI; see Figure 1). The Dirty Dozen aims to capture the core aspects which are the grandiose self-view for narcissism, exploitation of others for Machiavellianism and the callousness for psychopathy (Kfner et al., 2014). Gossiping in order to protect a gossip partner might well go hand in hand with the intention to damage the reputation of the gossip target. J. Soc. php global variable not working in function / how to knit checkerboard pattern with two colors / personality traits of a gossip. Consequently, participants might have selected highly salient examples of gossip events that are not representative of more frequent gossip sessions. The time working within an organization is probably related to the amount and intensity of relationships somebody has to others in that organization; and, therefore, might be related to the motives that steer gossip behavior. 52, 571575. People are really resistant to thinking about gossip as anything but a bad behavior, says Robbins. Therefore, the present study aims to examine whether the bad reputation of gossip is justified by examining reasons to gossip. (2015) examined brain imaging of men and women as they listened to positive and negative gossip about themselves and celebrities. 88, 7377. Dif. Nat. It has been shown that the three traits are overlapping, but are nevertheless distinct concepts (e.g., Furnham et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2013; but see also Muris et al., 2017). The form of gossip weve found beneficial is negative gossip about people who have behaved in an antisocial way, Willer says. Relat. 2, 642649. In such a scenario, youre not learning anything, Robbins adds. In contrast, the Bayes factor (BF) provided in Bayesian analysis is comparative as it weighs the support for one model against that of another.
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