The forward primer is GTATTGAACTTACAATTCACGTCCC, and the reverse is CTCTCCAAATCGGGTTTCCT. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. The identities of the specific 19 loci that define the STR haplotypes are reported in Supplementary Table S3 and Figure 4 legend. Article P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. First, the G2a1-P16 lineage is effectively Caucasus specific and accounts for about one-third of the Caucasian male gene pool (Figure 2f). Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Finally, to the east, G2a3a-M406 has an expansion time of 8800 years ago in Iran, a time horizon that corresponds to the first Neolithic settlements of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Article G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. [citation needed] The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. Haplogroup G-P303 - Wikipedia G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. Cinnioglu C, King R, Kivisild T et al. G-P303*, also known as G2a2b2a* (previously G2a3b1*), and its subclades are now concentrated in southern Russia and the Caucasus, as well as, at lower levels, other parts of Europe and South West Asia, especially an area including Turkey, Iran and the Middle East where G2a2b2a may have originated. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa . While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. The highest frequency values for P303 are detected in populations from Caucasus region, being especially high among South Caucasian Abkhazians (24%) and among Northwest (NW) Caucasian Adyghe and Cherkessians39.7% and 36.5%, respectively. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. Two additional markers, DYS38829, 30 and DYS46131 were typed separately. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . [43] L240 was identified in 2009. Haplogroup Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. See: Poznik. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. Similarly, G-P16 and G-M377 networks were created using 104 P16-derived 19-locus haplotypes and 61G-M377-derived 9-locus haplotypes, with both groups representing European, Near/Middle Eastern and central/west Asian populations. [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. The SNP L497 encompasses these men, but most G-L497 men belong to its subclade G-Z725, also known as G-DYS388=13. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. There are distinctive Ashkenazi Jewish and Kazakh subclades based on STR marker value combinations. What is the geographic and historic origin of Y-DNA haplogroups This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. [20] The city is on the banks of the river Drava, which notably begins in the Tirol/Tyrol region of the Alps, another haplogroup G focus area in Europe. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. G-L13/S13 (Y-DNA) - geni family tree Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. G-L42/S146 (Y-DNA) - geni family tree The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). (a) Principal component analysis by population. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Frontiers | The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 694704. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. Herein . P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. Peter A Underhill. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72: 205214. The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi - Nature Notably no basal G-M201*, Page94*(xM285, P287) chromosomes were detected in our data set. Haplogroup G2a (Y-DNA) - Facebook [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. Even more G SNPs were identified in 2009 to 2012 leading to more changes. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. The G-L13 subclade is most common in north central Europe, and G-Z1266 is most common in the western Caucasus Mountains. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. Origins and history of European Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret, L177, later discarded in favour of PF3359 and equivalent SNPs, was first identified at. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. mtDNA G | Haplogroup Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. G-L14 | Haplogroup G2a2b2a is also found in India. Haplogroup H Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Haplogroup | Your past through your genes In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Correspondence to Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions.
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