native american medicine practices

Native American healers led the way in pain relief. Description: Practices are facilitated for youth participating in suicide prevention group and to those in treatment for suicide intervention or methamphetamine (and other drugs or alcohol) abuse. Box 89. endobj It is "absolutely necessary to carry, Leslie Marmon Silko PMC Its therapeutic approach combines spirituality, herbalism, and magic in treating a wide range of physical and emotional ailmentsfrom the common cold to depression. If yes, then keep reading! 4 0 obj The primary focus of healing is on emotional and relational discernment, not cognitive understanding. endobj [emailprotected]. 35 0 obj official website and that any information you provide is encrypted For example, the most successful programs for treating alcohol addiction in Native communities have combined Western approaches to psychological counseling, social work, and traditional Native American healing practices. WebMany American Indian and Alaska Native healing practices may be used to help relieve some cancer symptoms and side effects of cancer treatment. CRA integrates several treatment components, including building the clients motivation to quit drinking, helping the client initiate sobriety, analyzing the clients drinking pattern, increasing positive reinforcement, learning new coping behaviors, and involving significant others in the recovery process. LIB can be delivered on an individual basis or in group settings with relaxation exercises, role-play exercises, discussions, and workbook exercises. Sample: MeSH WebCounselor cultural competency with respect to Native Americans requires understanding of common healing practices and ceremonies and of their spiritual significance. These traditions coexist with other forms of They lost their traditional languages and cultures but were never accepted into mainstream culture either. Gifts to the healer are welcomed, however. The site is secure. Description: This nationally recognized suicide response and prevention EBP uses a public health approach and best practice protocols. We believe in the Elders as a guiding force. Women's Full Medicine Wheel Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov [PDF - 642 KB]. Family members wash and dress the body, and 31 0 obj Community Reinforcement and Family Therapy (CRAFT) Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. Both value the treatment of the mind, body, and spirit, and uses the natural elements to cure illnesses. Family and community are also important in many healing sessions. Mehl-Madrona, Lewis, M.D. endstream Instead of a therapist meeting one-on-one with a client, First Nation healing practices are group practices. 49 0 obj Description: This is a peer-to-peer program that is designed to equip Native Americans in recovery to provide recovery support and community referrals for others in recovery. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Every persons healing is socially situated, in the nest of relationships and responsibilities mentioned previously. The medicine wheel, originating from Native American traditions, is also referred to as Sacred Hoop. 2016-02-05T12:02:37.000-05:00 Native American healers led the way in pain relief. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Inside this book, Healing Secrets of the Native Americans 2 books in 1: Heal your Body with Traditional Herbal Remedies and Recipes, and Cohen, Ken. Can Humans Detect Text by AI Chatbot GPT? Native American medicine can benefit anyone who sincerely wishes to live a life of wholeness and balance. <>stream Anishinaabe, Blackfeet Tribe, Small Robes Band of the Blood Indian Tribe of the Blackfoot Confederacy, Carrier Nation, Cherokee Nation, Cheyenne Tribe, Chickasaw Nation, Chippewa, Cree, Delaware First Nation, Eskasoni First Nation, Fisher River Cree, Gros Ventre, Kehewin Cree Nation, Mikmaq, Mohawk, Nehiowe-Metis Nahkawe, Oglala Lakota, Ojibway-Anishinaabe, Piikani First Nation, Salteaux (plains Ojibway), Skwah First Nation, Standing Rock Sioux, Tewa, Yankton Dakota, Yankton Sioux Tribe. In addition, treatment outcome can be influenced by factors such as therapist style and initial treatment intensity. There are many doctors that concentrate on holistic healing treatments. More important than the particular technique is the healer's intuition, sensitivity, and spiritual power. One of the more popular practices of Native American healing is the practice of using plants and herbs to cure common illnesses that were afflicting these Natives thousands of years ago. Fo, Native American LGBT Organizations and Periodicals, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Native American Government: The Southeast, Native American Government: Mississippian Chiefdoms, Native American Government: First Origins, Native American Government: Eastern Woodlands, Native American Economies: Adoption and Dependency, Native American Economies: Adaptation and Security, Nationwide Jubilation: The Road to a Successful Bid, Nations, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, Native American Religion and Spirituality, Native American Warfare in the East: Mourning Wars, Native American Warfare in the West: Conflict Among the Southwestern Indians, Native Americans and Blacks in the American Revolution, Native Americans and the California Gold Rush, https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/native-american-medicine, Native Americans, Impact of the Great Depression on. Fax (617) 441-5417. J Perinat Educ. [emailprotected] http://www.cs.org. Projects also report use of a Modified Matrix model that incorporates cultural components into the model activities that reflect specific communities Tribal affiliation(s). WebFor over 10,000 years Native Americans have practiced their traditional medicine (Whole Health MD 2000). Description: This approach uses a behavioral, problem-solving focus blended with acceptance-based strategies that emphasizes dialectical processes. MORE, >> Native American Articles - Articles refering to Native Americans as they were the first to inhabit the country. "Native American Medicine." In delivering high-quality medical care, language skills alone are not sufficient. The intervention is based on the behavioral, spiritual, and cognitive principles of 12-step fellowships such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA). An official website of the United States government. Old Piqua 2001 Jan-Feb;30(1):13-9. Most Native healers do not charge a set fee for their services. In addition, 19.8 percent of American Indians and Alaska Natives age 25 or older had a bachelors degree or higher in 2014, compared with 32.5 percent of all adults. This article reviews the health and illness beliefs, the traditional remedies, the critical need for holistic health care, and the Five Great Values that guide Native American behavior. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999. *B)t(?%i qFS'*HAWFm0[?S%4i='2DX* wG$AK,)hvJuT&^XbQ6$8q$O ^IFX$>0$iqIn c5jb#CR=Rx{'jDiU&@ h n@Q9& V9y:_P#jy*~x:ro~J_>cRTPM15wYYLH}+**7{jPfTFho0iL L-\oA 0\H6Dr7QV`W2^"*;RT03B\_ka]h|a1A7-6S(lE P'dV?-^N4:\m>Diq+J-]4@_#R'PBCG~`#h^xS@T\ok# mp'F-=)=K Click Here to give an online gift. Folk medicine and health beliefs: an Appalachian perspective. All of these practices integrate physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of a person. It is widely known that Native Americans had a relationship with cannabis. Although the cannabis plants they grew were a different kind than we cultivate today, they had a bond with marijuana. Not all tribes considered it a sacred herb, but many used it in healing, rituals, and for spiritual purposes. How did Native Americans Use Cannabis? Generations of First Nation peoples have been mistreated and still are told that their ways are worthless, backward, and even evil. Although the efforts of Medicine Wheel Inc. and its Red Road concepts are still at the foundational sharing of the conference, it has grown to be a globally diversified approach to recovery, health and healing. Basically the stimulation of ear acupuncture points appears to cause the systemic release of endorphins. uuid:48f1455e-96de-498e-9299-b52ddf96de34 Description: The signature, evidence-based Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment model developed by SAMHSA. Nancy W. Dickey, MD. Native American healing, spirituality, culture, and, in modern times, political, social, and economic concerns are closely intertwined. Native American medicine could be challenging and difficult to grasp. A nonprofessional fellowship where members share their experience, strength, and hope to solve their common problems. (near present-day Chatham, Ontario) Healing is considered to be "a gift from the Great Spirit." WRAP guides participants through the process of identifying and understanding their personal wellness resources ("wellness tools") and then helps them develop an individualized plan to use these resources on a daily basis to manage their mental illness. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Interactive sessions are designed to enhance level of functioning in certain key life areas that are often neglected with prolonged drug use: physical, emotional, and social well-being, adult education opportunities, vocational development, daily living skills, spirituality/recovery, sexuality, and recreation/leisure. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/native-american-medicine. Style endobj ovogel Lyon, William S. Encyclopedia of Native American Healing. Different national groups across the globe have their own unique healing approach. 12 Wisdom Steps Program Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. Whereas Western psychology perceives a set of autonomous rights against all other life forms, Aboriginal people perceive life as an interconnected bundle of responsibilities (p. 231), Ross quotes native psychotherapist Dr. Joseph Couture saying: Native mind is, therefore, a mind-in-relational activity, a mind-in-community (p. 232). endobj WebLearn how the Native American tradition uses plants and herbs, heat, movement and sound, meditation, and spirituality to heal dozens of day-to-day ailments and illnesses, from back pain to insect bites, flu, and sore throats, and more, and apply it Native American medicine uses medicine men or women to perform healings. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Native Americans are well known for " . WebThe purpose of profession-oriented language programs should be to reinforce the core content that students have already learned in English, rather than introduce new medical concepts. Tribes Using Practice: Utah Navajo Health System, Inc. Navajo. Tribes Using Practice: Components are widely used across projects. Born c. 1768 14 0 obj Accessibility Ross admits his ethnocentric reaction when he first encountered First Nation elders who talked about their own lives and choiceshe thought they were egocentric because they did not offer an objective opinion. Based upon Teachings of the Medicine Wheel, the Cycle of Life, and the Four Laws of Change. . Includes culturally relevant components and relies on interviewing techniques that motivate rather than confront people, so youth dont feel they are being judged or attacked. MEDICINE, INDIAN, an ancient, intact, complex holistic healthcare system practiced and used by indigenous peoples worldwide, is more, c. 1580 According to Ken "Bear Hawk" Cohen, "Native American medicine is based on widely held beliefs about healthy living, the repercussions of disease-producing behavior, and the spiritual principles that restore balance." Design: A descriptive-qualitative methodology was used and face-to-face interviews were conducted. However, they are widely available. Knowledge, skills and attitudes of nursing students regarding culturally congruent care of Native Americans. One must compromise to survive and thrive. Tribes Using Practice: Kodiak Native Health Association. (617) 441-5400. "Native American Medicine WebNative American healing incorporates mind and body techniques to treat almost any condition whether it is psychological or physical. Criticism A program with the single purpose of helping families and friends of alcoholics, whether the alcoholic is still drinking or not, Develop a Hope, Help, Strength poster and/or PSA program using local faces and voices. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (M7{LKuq@G}zSo"W&(=P:wT?E+"(8BnC,zd%`y2:;PQOaI1EcCHwu _QgSwhO}Nhm svq=c=R'N %W_Bw)+}~{h}=.01oU}XV(`wmP*A`,0T~kj}5oV{tV~{Qi*kkLJ,F/BT(]K! endobj J Community Health. Toys, Games, and Sports -- 19. 1 0 obj P.O. The bundle is a concrete token of the medicine power that the spirits have given the healer, either for healing in general or for healing a particular illness. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. ), Tribes Using Practice: Narragansett Indian Health Center. Red Road Approach to Wellness and HealingExit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov integrates Native American healing methodologies, philosophy and values with contemporary methods of chemical awareness, education and chemical addiction therapy processes. 29 0 obj Among these include Native American medicines. The best place to learn accommodation to all ones relations is on the land. endstream Antonia Novello, MD <> Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. endobj WebNative American practices, in which hot and cold stones are used to deeply penetrate muscles and tissues to reduce pain and inflammation are what we now know as stone massage. A Guide for Health Professionals Working with Aboriginal Peoples: Cross Cultural Understanding. Description: The 16-step empowerment model is a holistic approach to overcoming addiction that views people in their wholenessmind, body and spirit. Other people or spirits may also be responsible for an illness. Into the School House -- 28. Familiarization with these cultural components will facilitate the provision of quality, holistic health care through improved interactions with Native American clients. We thank them too. Designed to increase connections to culture and community and help youth develop healthy alternatives to risky behaviors. Provides a relapse prevention and recovery support program for Native Americans who are completing treatment, returning to the community from incarceration, or who have been working on their recovery journey using traditional method or 12 Step methods and who wish to provide support to others experiencing the same issues. These benefits may be physical, emotional, or spiritual. Treatment history of individuals who will be served is characterized by frequent use of psychiatric hospitals and emergency rooms, involvement with the criminal justice system, and alcohol/substance abuse. Great diversity exists among various Alaska Native cultures with regards to beliefs and practices. "Healing," making whole, is as important as curing disease; at times they are identical. What's more, the proportion of AIAN Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 6 For many Native Americans, traditional food was a source of health, often referred to as medicine. WebThe first Native American woman in the United States to earn a medical degree, Dr. Susan La Flesche Picotte had an extraordinary career. Fax: (303) 939-8150. 't~S,O 2HMdL.37yb]:cvZO2haMvE~]fy?-p_E{&V">k4Ml/E|I;GysPn*TDdk N5t!G7LHw2h\>hDA iz0cUw8w=Ez>8*e_FGk5Z_ZjD :;"p54N8uC~;;&ov9e |R|]Nh>-+i!-t- nD],Mt3-t+F2?iIwJA=h WebNative American healers believed a person is healthy when he or she is in harmony with the environment. Description: The Medicine Wheel and 12 Step interpretations were developed by White Bison, based on the Teachings of the Medicine Wheel, the Cycle of Life and the Four Laws of Change. Yosemite's early inhabitants periodically set fires to promote the growth milkweed, dogbane, sedge root, and bunch grass. Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for Juvenile Offenders. Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA) and Assertive Continuing Care (ACC). Before the days of pharmaceutical companies and a large assortment of prescription drugs such as tramadol online to treat medical conditions, the Native Americans had to rely on natural remedies derived from the earth. But in First Nation thinking, only an immature person would think he could understand the situation of others and tell them what they should do. Based upon Teachings of the Medicine Wheel, the Cycle of Life, and the Four Laws of Change(Similar to 12 Step Wisdom Program, reviewed above. Author Biography 3 Cultural factors significantly influence the Native American's perspectives of traditional professional health care practices. WebDo you want to know more about Native American Herbalism? Cultural Survival. The ultimate goal of MST is to empower families to build a healthier environment through the mobilization of existing child, family, and community resources. They are designed and delivered by peers who have been successful in the recovery process and embody a powerful message of hope and a wealth of experiential knowledge. New York: Ballantine, 1999. endobj American Indian Topics | American Indian Products | American Indian TribesNative American Topics | Indigenous Peoples Literature. Civilization does not nurture our deeper selves and so they must be hidden away. It includes six multifamily sessions, conducted by two facilitators that employ group discussions, videotapes, age-specific breakout sessions, and role-play. Experiencing the landscape helps one connect to something greater than the self, the more-than-human world, a cathedral, full of life, promise, openness, and blessedness (p. 261). endobj Native American medicine is very similar to medicinal approaches used by the Chinese. During those public and private healing sessions, the medicine man may have told narratives, chanted, and sing. Historical Context Need Help Researching Your Indian Ancestry. She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Cancer survivorship services for indigenous peoples: where we stand, where to improve? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. According to a study published by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, traditional Native American health practices revolve around the WebNative American medicine combines herbs, spirituality, and magic. Many also believe that sharing their healing ways and values may help all people to come into a healthier balance with nature and all forms of life. Chapter 2: American Indian and Alaska Native Healing The specific practices varied among tribes but all is based on the basic principle that man is part Some diseases are caused when people break the "rules for living." A spiritual person is one who screws up every day and keeps coming back to the Creator. Therapy focuses on two general goals: (1) acceptance of the need for abstinence from alcohol and other drug use and (2) surrender, or the willingness to participate actively in 12-step fellowships as a means of sustaining sobriety. Wellbriety resources and events include conferences, specialized community training events, Wellbriety coalitions, and the popular grassroots Firestarters circles of recovery groups across the nation. Native American, African American, and Puerto Rican women were overwhelmingly targeted for involuntary, coercive, and compulsory sterilisation under early 20th century eugenics laws. However, their medicine practices proved beneficial A program with the anonymity of all Al-Anon and AA members protected. 2017-04-08T03:09:00.735-04:00 Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 190859 Fax (520) 283-4590. Medicine people do not write down their practices out of fear that they might be misused by people who are not trained in their sacred ways. Ancient Ponca Burials and Practices -- 25. Those who walk this road will find that our thoughts must change to the way Warriors think. As a result of mistreatment in residential schools away from their families and traditions, many First Nation members were traumatized through abuse and other forms of mistreatment. Tribes Using Practice: Phoenix Indian Medical Center MSPI. Health involves establishing good relationships with everything in nature, accommodating with openness, humility, and respect. The first compulsory sterilisation law was passed in Indiana in 1907, but compulsory sterilisation laws did not gain traction until the 1920s. While her focus was pediatrics, her work touched every corner of healthcare and medicine. The bundles vary according to clan, tribe, and individual. There has been no formal scientific research conducted on Native American healing practices. Tribes Using Practice: Crow Bilachpache, Metlakatla Indian Community MSPI. Informative and motivational, Meth360 also challenges concerned citizens to educate themselves about the dangers of meth and take action to stop the spread of this dangerous drug. Instead, the Aboriginal client feels that a person is "the sum of all their relationships within Creation, whether with other people, birds, animals, trees, rocks or rivers (p. 229). To receive treatment, the patient must be prepared to travel to the location of the healer. CJt Gratitude, respect, and generosity are also considered to be essential for a healthy life. Intuition and spiritual awareness are a healer's most essential diagnostic tools. To be healthy, a person must be committed to a path of beauty, harmony, and balance. Think of the effect of income on the ability to achieve health education, McCabe said. Native Americans have been practiced in North America since at least 12,000 years ago and possibly as early as 40,000 years ago. 74 0 obj 69 0 obj Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Yes You Can! sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal uuid:bef4a5e5-5026-4ef0-9ffd-ea45f7087446 J Transcult Nurs. <>stream Native American healers have several different techniques for diagnosing an illness. Bookshelf 64 0 obj Jemez Springs, NM 87025-0089. Services provided by the ACT team seek to address all aspects of a persons functioning and to nurture their life goals and integration into the community. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Hollow Waters Community Holistic Circle Healing Program, The National Native Alcohol and Drug Addiction Program (NNADAP), The Most Important Part of Therapy Is Often Misunderstood. 67 0 obj ={v,QL=sf3s4"IKaCGwl=| Old Medication, New Use: Can Prazosin Curb Drinking? The intensity of the therapy is considered to be more important than the length of time required. 4. Native Americans used the milkweed plant for fiber sources. Life jackets were made from the coma of the seeds during WWII. Today, coma is used for pillows and blankets. Common milkweed can be used in naturalized areas, meadows, and butterfly, native, or pollinator gardens, but its wild and rangy form is not ideal for planting in borders. Connect cross-training relies on collaboration between service providers. Description: Moving From a Life of Addiction to a Life of Recovery is a manual-based, comprehensive addiction treatment program that emphasizes relapse prevention. Tribes Using Practice: Pyramid Lake MSPI. Description: An outpatient drug and alcohol treatment program that focuses on lifestyle changes, training in relapse prevention, education about dependencies and family involvement. The basic premises are: Tribes Using Practice: Toiyabe Indian Health Project MSPI, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)Exit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. First Nation communities have been damaged as a whole and so it is vital that they recognize group trauma. 1999 Jan;5(1):36-44. Ken Cohen writes, "Health means restoring the body, mind, and spirit to balance and wholeness: the balance of life energy in the body; the balance of ethical, reasonable, and just behavior; balanced relations within family and community; and harmonious relationships with nature. The medicine wheel represents the sacred circle of life, its basic four directions, and their associated elements. Rhode Island Acrobat Distiller 10.1.16 (Windows) However, it can be practical for you to learn and understand it. Historical Antonia Novello, MD. Winer RL, Gonzales AA, Noonan CJ, Buchwald DS. Al-AnonExit Disclaimer: You Are Leaving www.ihs.gov. Substance abuse can make codependent relationships even worse. The Spirit World -- 23. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Abstract. h0Ef=>*mU/PVn_v@+Ho :y'7y| kuO+0h@/JIRNt\?=SAkU&/!f8"K? 'B9Pq>NX3N>9*1pcGY:.Z2kEE>^C \N i4[4m^y=NnXZtuVuY.P0i([X*bYgd MbFC/Vd4-goU4|u|=lAx?Rkhv>$qj@E$N&";_Gr]mRI8$2 eTrsODsJ!,b^:YaOb2*#E,}]` :D Native Americans are the first nation of the United States and Canada. Coyote Medicine: Lessons from Native American Healing. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj Before <> ." In sum, racism has not just been incidental to the history of American medicine, and much medical practice around the world, but entrenched in it. Different herbs and rituals are used to treat different ailments. From the Native American point of view these reactions are usually welcomed and considered a form of purging or cleansing of the physical body. WebWhereas modern medicine is mechanistic and individualistic, traditional NA ideas of health and illness are steeped in spirituality. Healing with Sound in Ancient Temples: 111hz What the ancient Mayans can teach us about health and healing The Mysterious Healing Centre of Asklepion in Diseases have external causes too. Ross describes First Nation holistic traditions that heal instead of punish, that connect instead of maintaining disconnection, and that regenerate trust instead of allowing distrust to fester. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. We believe there is a natural order running the Universe. People with hypertension should watch themselves during a sweat lodge ceremony for a possible increase in blood pressure. WebCultural factors significantly influence the Native American's perspectives of traditional professional health care practices. Dine College, Office of Continuing Education. She helped over 1,300 people by providing financial advice, resolving family disputes, and providing access to medical care any day at any time. He contrasts this approach with Western therapy, which he considers based on weaknessfocusing on what is wrong with a person and a continual fear of failing. Description: Peers provide group supports; system navigation assistance; and follow-up/follow-along contacts. Health practices among Native Americans of the USA were practised for centuries before the arrival of the European colonisers and focused on the relationships The most prominent users of this form of medicine are Native Americans or others who want a spiritually based approach to medicine. In actuality, these are the doctors. 2003 Spring;E6(1):http://www.marshall.edu/jrcp/E6one_struthers.htm. Gifts may include groceries, cloth, money, or another personal expression of respect and appreciation. A basic understanding of a group's cultural beliefs, values, and practices will enable the holistic nurse to appreciate the importance of appropriate interactions and techniques and, therefore, make health care more readily accepted. In my own experience of healing from a typical baby-boomer childhood in the USA, though far from the extreme and intergenerational trauma that First Nation peoples have experienced, healing may be lifelong endeavor for all of us. https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/native-american-medicine, "Native American Medicine Such inherited conditions as birth defects or retardation are not easily treatable with Native American medicine. 7 0 obj "Native American Medicine". Arts and Crafts -- 20. J Cancer Surviv. . MORE, >> Indigenous Peoples Literature - A collection of writings celebrating the diverse cultures of Indigenous Peoples' of North and South America. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. and transmitted securely. Tribes Using Practice: Eight Northern Pueblos MSPI; Tuba City MSPI, Connect Program(Postvention), aka "New Hampshire Connect" or "NAMI Connect".

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native american medicine practices